[75] In Britain, Churchill ordered the entire sequence to be shown to the public. [236], The War Advertising Board did its best to convince people that buying bonds was a patriotic act, giving buyers a stake in the war. [233], During the war, the sale of War Bonds was extensively promoted. [152] Alfred Hitchcock directed Have You Heard?, a photographic dramatization of the dangers of rumors during wartime, for Life magazine. [99] The government rarely intervened in such debates, only occasionally suggesting lines for art to take. Jack Delano, 1941. [302] Elmer Davis of the Office of War Information also declared that since the Japanese were proclaiming the Pacific conflict as a racial war, the United States could only counter this propaganda by deeds that showed Americans believed in the equality of races. [227], Increased production resulted in more workers moving to factory towns, straining available housing and other amenities. The U.S. Army and Disney set about making various types of films for several different audiences. [8], War bond rallies and drives were common, and were staged at many social events. [186], Considerable complications were caused by censorship and the need to prevent the enemy from learning how much damage they had inflicted. [271], Most Black women had been farm laborers or domestics before the war. [153], Battle victories and heroism were promoted for morale purposes, while losses and defeats were underplayed. View 259 Items, Collection Items: [32] This helped produce continued support for the troops, by conveying the hardships of their daily experiences. [16] These posters were meant to show a direct correlation with the efforts of the home front to the war overseas and portray women as directly affecting the war. I. Freleng, U.S. Army Signal Corps, Animation by Warner Staff. [198], Rubber was in particularly short supply, and rubber rationing had the deepest impact on American life. View 368 Items, Collection Items: This was not very successful, as the German people knew it understated the American defense and that MacArthur had left under orders. However, the capture of Saipan not only shocked the Japanese because it was considered invincible, but allowed Americans to use medium-wave radio to reach the Japanese islands. Others carried strong messages meant to arouse public involvement or set a public mood. [4], In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Office of War Information (OWI). [138] Dr. Seuss's editorial cartoons, which often depicted Hitler and Mussolini, opted for a "Japan" figure rather than any given leader. Collection Items: The Prints and Photographs Division holds one of the largest collections of British political and satirical prints in America. [28], Many superheroes were shown combating Axis spies or activities in America and elsewhere. The lands of the Armenians were for millennia located in Eastern Anatolia, on the Armenian Highlands, and into the Caucasus Mountain range. [121] As early as 1937, Roosevelt condemned the Japanese for their aggression in China. [16] The positive messages on U.S. posters were used to increase production on the home front instead of insuring that the "money raised was not lost. [16] However, individuals purchased $36 billion in bonds, with children accounting for close to $1 billion. View 777 Items, Collection Items: (Yale University Press), Barbara Savage, Broadcasting Freedom (Duke University Press), Steven Casey, (2005), The Campaign to sell a harsh peace for Germany to the American public, 1944 - 1948, [online]. [175], When The Battle of San Pietro showed dead GIs wrapped in mattress covers, some officers tried to prevent troopers in training from seeing it, for fear of morale; General Marshall overrode them, to ensure that the soldiers took their training seriously. [96] Cartoons depicted Axis leaders as not being human. Bill Mauldin Editorial Cartoons Collection at St. Louis Public Library; 45th Infantry Division Museum in Oklahoma City. Design for Victory: World War II Posters on the American Home Front. [222] Veterans of the Guadalcanal campaign, America's first major offensive of the war, were also sent to factories to encourage production and discourage absenteeism. [147] However, that was not the real purpose, for the propaganda continued long after the enemy fleet had been sunk and their spy networks destroyed. [11] Almost 200,000 different designs were printed during the war. Sara Harrington. [197] Radio soap operas used plots about wartime rationing and condemned the hoarding of goods. Journal of Advertising, Vol 32 No 1 Page 71, Terrence H. Witkowski "World War II Poster Campaigns: Preaching Frugality to American Consumers." View 210 Items, Collection Items: Journal of Advertising, Vol 32 No 1 Page 73. [280] Many such songs were also popular at the home front. The world of ballet changed dramatically when the Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev took Paris by storm at the Théâtre du Châtelet in May of 1909. [69] At Roosevelt's urging, the film Mission to Moscow was made and depicted the purge trials as a just punishment of a Trotskyite conspiracy. At first, they were accompanied by male counterparts, but later women began to appear as the central figure in the posters. Has an exhibit of more than 200 original cartoons from Mauldin's years with the division. La Musica è un qualcosa che ci accompagna durante la nostre vita. After noticing President Franklin D. Roosevelt's concern about US foreign policy, fascism began to be reported on screen by Hollywood. [38] By the time American B-29 Superfortress bombers reached the Japanese home islands and intensely firebombed industrial and civilian centers with impunity, the leaflets had improved, providing "advance notice" of bombings ensured that the leaflets were read avidly despite prohibitions. The Editorial Cartoon Collection is housed in the Rare Books and Manuscripts Room of the Central Library and contains seventeen individual editorial cartoons collections of mostly St. Louis artists, including Archibald Chapin, Roy James, Harry Tuthill, Daniel Fitzpatrick, Robert Minor, and Bill Mauldin. The collection contains more than 11,100 items. [36], The use of leaflets against Japanese troops was of little effect. [34] Leaflets were also used against enemy forces, providing "safe conduct passes" that enemy troops could use to surrender as well as counterfeit ration books, stamps and currency. Journal of Advertising, Vol 32 No 1 Page 72, William L. Bird, JR. and Harry R. Rubenstein. [269] In fictional romances, women in uniform won the hearts of soldiers who preferred them to women who did not support the war effort. [29] A comic book depicting Superman attacking the German Westwall was attacked in an issue of Das Schwarze Korps, the SS weekly newspaper, with the Jewish origin of creator Jerry Siegel given prominent attention. View 41,479 Items, Collection Items: Ten folklorists from the American Folklife Center conducted fieldwork in August and... Richardson, Larry - Bryan, Mamie - Jarrell, Tommy - Severt, Carrie - Wolfe, Charles K. - Owen, Blanton - Archive of Folk Culture (Library of Congress) - United States. [251] Books and magazines addressed women with the need for their labor. [110], Propaganda portrayed the Japanese more than any other Axis power as a foreign, grotesque and uncivilized enemy. Magazine editors were asked to depict women as coping heroically with the sacrifices of wartime. It was rushed to the theaters on Roosevelt's orders. John Rubens Smith, 19809-1849. [35] The very scale of the leaflet operations had its effect on enemy morale, showing that the American armament industry was so productive that planes could be diverted for this purpose. [103][104] Hitler's dictatorship was often heavily satirized. [234] Advertisements were initially used on radio and in newspapers, but later magazines were also used, with both government and private companies producing the advertisements. The Benjamin K. Edwards Collection includes 2,100 early baseball cards dating from 1887 to 1914. However, the Rubber Survey Report, produced by a committee to investigate the rubber supply, succeeded in changing public opinion by showing the good reasons for rationing. This was due to those people being treated as inferior races, an attitude many in the West had toward orientals. [46] CBS Radio's counterpropaganda series Our Secret Weapon (1942â43), featuring writer Rex Stout representing Freedom House, monitored Axis shortwave radio propaganda broadcasts and rebutted the most entertaining lies of the week. This effort was supported by the War Department due to Mauldin's grimmer depiction of everyday military life in his cartoons. Jack ... San Francisco earthquake and fire. [151], Rumor mongering was discouraged on the grounds it fomented divisions in America and promoted defeatism and alarmism. In fact, attempts were made to suppress even fictional stories involving submarines. Alcide Robaudi, 1916. [260] Stories showed that war work could redeem a woman with a sordid past. Broadcasters were warned not to cut to a commercial with the line, "and now for some good news," and reporters were instructed not to describe bombings precisely enough so that the enemy could tell what they hit, for example, they were to state "the building next to the one I am standing on," not "the First National Bank. In fact, one squadron of B-17 bombers was entirely dedicated to this purpose. Noted architectural photographer Frances Benjamin Johnston (1864-1952) created a systematic record of early American buildings and gardens called the Carnegie Survey of the Architecture of the South (CSAS). (Arthur Burdett) - Elliott, Elizabeth Shippen Green - Fogarty, Thomas - Herford, Oliver - Steele, Frederic Dorr - Beard, Daniel Carter - Wright, George Hand - Yohn, F. C. (Frederick Coffay) - Smedley, W. T. (William Thomas). [95] Hitler, Tojo, Mussolini and their followers were the villains in American film, even in cartoons where characters, such as Bugs Bunny, would defeat them[69]âa practice that began before Pearl Harbor. [128] When three of the Doolittle Raiders were executed, it evoked a passion for revenge in America, and the image of the "Japanese ape" became common in film and cartoons. [258] At first, it continued sexual themes, such as female war workers being seduced, having affairs with married men, or engaging in casual affairs. [129], The early overwhelming Japanese successes led to a pamphlet "Exploding the Japanese 'Superman' Myth" to counter the effect. [176], The OWI emphasized to returning, battle-scarred soldiers that there were places and jobs for them in civilian life. [303] However, this was not officially addressed, and American propaganda did not confront the problem of prejudice based on color. [259] The ambitious career woman whose life culminated in disaster still appeared, but only when motivated by self-interest; whereas women who worked from patriotic motives were able to maintain their marriages and bear children rather than suffer miscarriages and infertility, as working women invariably suffered in pre-war stories. View 557 Items, Collection Items: [62] Irreplaceable film workers received draft deferments to allow them to continue producing pro-Allied films. One method used in this campaign was an attempt to remove the commonly held view that the German people and the Nazi party were separate entities. View 258 Items, Collection Items: [287], Roosevelt urged support for Britain before the United States entered the war, to gain support for the Lend-Lease Act. View 982 Items, Collection Items: During active American involvement in World War II (1941â45), propaganda was used to increase support for the war and commitment to an Allied victory. Joseph Pennell, 1909, At the Vermont state fair, Rutland. (Available online at, Terrence H. Witkowski "World War II Poster Campaigns: Preaching Frugality to American Consumers." [76] The 1942 film Mrs. Miniver portrayed the experiences of an English housewife during the Battle of Britain and urged the support of both men and women for the war effort. [100] However, the OWI suggested plot lines using Axis agents in place of traditional villainous roles, such as the rustler in Westerns. This helped keep their names before the public although they had no products to sell, and they were allowed to treat this advertising as a business expense. Princeton Architectural Press. The government issued a Magazine War Guide which included tips for supporting the war effort. [118], Even prior to the Attack on Pearl Harbor, accounts of atrocities in China roused considerable antipathy for Japan. [163], Limiting the distribution of bad news caused difficulty with gasoline rationing, as Americans were kept unaware of numerous tanker sinkings. [16] The main distinction between United States poster propaganda and that of British and other allied propaganda was that the U.S. posters stayed mostly positive in their messages. It poked fun at Hitler's Germany by depicting Donald Duck dreaming that he is a German war worker, eating breakfast by only spraying the scent of bacon and eggs onto his breath, dipping a single coffee bean into his cup of water, and eating bread so stale or having wood in it, he had to saw a piece off. became the watchword of the war. [234] The Writers' War Board was founded for the purpose of writing copy for war bond ads. [31] Mauldin's cartoons not only publicized the efforts of the ground forces, but they made the war appear bitter and onerous, helping convince Americans that victory would not be easy. [277] Betty Grable characterized it as women giving soldiers something to fight for,[278] but one soldier wrote to her saying that her pin-up photographs told them, in the midst of fighting, what they were fighting for. The film shows how a young boy in Nazi Germany is indoctrinated and brainwashed at an early age and learns to believe all that the German government tells him. As such, the United States extensively used leaflets to convey short informational tidbits. [206] Conserving materials, in the kitchen and around the home, was one of five major topics in posters with conservation themes. [90] However, partially through the cooperation of supportive journalists, the Office of Censorship (OOC) managed to remove negative news and other items useful to the enemyâsuch as weather forecastsâalthough neither the OOC nor any other agency managed to completely slant the news in a positive, morale-boosting manner. [207] Butcher shops and markets handed out bulletins that urged the conservation of waste fat, which could be brought back to the butcher. Animation was increasingly used in political commentary against the Axis powers. [57] As fiction grew less popular, bookstores promoted non-fiction war books. The problem was with negative rumors, that spread much faster than good news, and threaten to weaken homefront morale or make American groups fear or hate each other. [144], In countries occupied by Japan and forced to join its would-be Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, the failure to sustain the economic level prior to the war, particularly in the Philippines, was quickly used in propaganda about the "Co-Poverty Sphere. [203] President Roosevelt sent a letter to Boy Scout and Girl Scout groups, urging the children to support scrap drives. [267], Women's groups and organizations were asked to recruit women for the WACS, WAVES, WASPS and other female branches of the services. [249] Radios also broadcast information and appeals, drawing on patriotic calls and the need of such work to save men's lives. [37] Many civilians in Okinawa discounted pamphlets declaring that prisoners would not be harmed. They portray the Ottoman Empire during the reign of one of its last sultans, Abdul-Hamid II and... Sebah & Joaillier - Abdullah Frères - Abdülhamid II. Education for Death[84] was a very serious film based on the bestselling book of the same name by Gregor Ziemer. Jean Albano Gallery, representative of Mauldin's cartoons Page 41. [246], Key symbolic figures such as "Rosie the Riveter" and "Mrs. Casey Jones" appeared in posters across the country representing strong women who supported their husbands in the war effort. [230], During the war years, Americans planted 50 million victory gardens. View 820 Items, Collection Items: [226] Shipyards hung out banners to encourage ships for victory. The first release of the online collection contains approximately 1,000 items that yield a total of about 5,000 images. [54], At first the Japanese population could not receive propaganda by radio because short-wave receivers were prohibited in Japan. [87], The pulp magazine industry was especially supportive, if only to prevent their being perceived as unessential to the war effort and discontinued for the duration of the war. [191] Within a day of the attack of Pearl Harbor, it produced pamphlets describing what to do in event of an air raid. [307], The tragedy of Lidice, shooting of the men and the sending of the women to concentration camps, was also depicted in posters. ... NAACP photographs of civil rights marches, demonstrations, and ... Captain Charles L. Shrewsbury House, Madison, Indiana. The most elaborate training film produced, Stop That Tank!, was commissioned by the Canadian Directorate of Military Training and created by Walt Disney Studios. "[134] The suicides at Saipanâof women, children, and the elderly as well as fighting menâonly reinforced that belief. [245] Fiction also addressed husbands' resistance to their wives working. The more than 15,000 images in the Frank and Frances Carpenter Collection represent the extensive photographic files assembled by Frank G. Carpenter and his daughter Frances to illustrate his popular writings on... Carpenter, Frances - Carpenter, Frank G. (Frank George). [56], And some topics were considered off limits. Provides access to about 7,000 different views and portraits made during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and its immediate aftermath. Patriotic propaganda was seen as profitable by Hollywood, and it helped to transform the social and political stances of the country, while serving as an instrument of national policy.[64]. Come and visit our site, already thousands of classified ads await you ... What are you waiting for? In the film, Donald works continuously with very little compensation and no time off, making him go crazy. View 962 Items, Collection Items: Journal of Advertising, Vol 32 No 1 Page 79, Chrisptopher C. Thomas, A Thousand Words: Themes and Trends in Home Front Posters, pages 62-84, Christopher C. Thomas. These fictional characters were used to give soldiers safety briefs and instructions on expected behavior, while often portraying behavior that which was not recommended. If you have many products or ads, create your own online store (e-commerce shop) and conveniently group all your classified ads in your shop! The collection richly documents sports events, theater, celebrities, crime, strikes, disasters, political activities including the... Bain, George Grantham - Bain News Service. [194] A Victory Cookbook explained the principles of wartime cooking, starting with the need to share food with the fighting men. View 3,932 Items, Collection Items: - Du Bois, W. E. (William Edward Burghardt). [13] Smaller posters were printed for the windows of private homes and apartment buildings. [209], People were told to conserve materials used in clothing, which resulted in clothing becoming smaller and shorter. [297] The second part of the film depicts Germany being drawn too far into Russia; and mostly concentrates on the siege of Leningrad. The Colorado Folklife Project was sponsored by the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress, working with John D. Farr, representative of the Rocky Mountain Continental Divide Foundation, Frisco, Colorado, to assist in... Natanson, Barbara Orbach - American Folklife Center - Emrich, Ron - Dettmer, Elke - Marshall, Howard W. - Archive of Folk Culture (Library of Congress). Many private individuals organized and publicized some of the most successful scrap drives of the war. However, there were pictures that were made especially in tie with a past event, or even a current event of that period of time that made the release of the film synchronized with the happening in real life. Better known as Lewis Carroll, the Victorian-era children’s author of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871), Dodgson was... Sir Francis Drake Sir Francis Drake's accomplishments as an explorer and naval strategist were unparalleled. View 1,718 Items, Collection Items: [250], Two major campaigns were launched: "Women in the War," to recruit for the armed services and war-related jobs; and "Women in Necessary Services," or such jobs as laundry, clerking in grocery and drug stores, and other employment necessary to support the economy. "[145], Leaflets air-dropped to the Japanese people informed them of the Potsdam Declaration, which brought to bear the extent of Allied victory, and of the Japanese government's peace negotiations, undermining the ability of the Japanese hard-liners to insist on continued war. [135] A thorough defeat of the Japanese was argued for in magazines so as to prevent a resurgence, as happened in Germany after World War I, of Japanese military power or ambition. "[148][149] This was a major topic endorsed by the Office of War Information. It includes the complete collection of... Library of Congress - Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana (Library of Congress) - Stern, Alfred Whital. Contains more than four thousand original drawings by American book, magazine, and newspaper illustrators, made primarily between 1880 and 1910. The collection includes illustrations for magazines, novels, and children's books; cartoons; cover... Rogers, W. A. [42], In the United States, radio was so widely used for propaganda that it greatly exceeded the use of other media that was typically used against other nations. In 1954 the Library of Congress purchased from Alice H. Cox and Mary H. Evans, the daughters of Levin C. Handy approximately 10,000 original, duplicate, and copy negatives. [147], Some of these posters contained the most well known slogans of the war and many were depicted by propaganda artist Cyril Kenneth Bird. [213] Although the wartime boom meant that people had money to buy things for the first time since the Depression, propaganda emphasized the need to support the war effort, and not spend their money on non-essential items and so divert material from the war effort. [9] However, the writers both responded to official requests and initiated their own campaigns. [292] Lucky Strike used the metals in their dyes as a justification for changing their packaging from green to white. At the request of General George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, Frank Capra created a documentary series that was used as orientation films for new recruits. As a result, True Story removed such themes from stories featuring female war workers. [106] He and the German people were depicted as fools. [200] This also helped conserve rubber. Patriotism became the central theme of advertising throughout the war, as large scale campaigns were launched to sell war bonds, promote efficiency in factories, reduce ugly rumors, and maintain civilian morale. [20] Car manufacturers and other producers that retooled for the war effort took out ads depicting their efforts. [16] The United States posters focused on duty, patriotism and tradition, whereas those of other countries focused on fueling the people's hatred for the enemy. [91] Indeed, some government officials found that both newspapers and radio were using uncorroborated news from Vichy France and Tokyo. [8], In 1944 (lasting until 1948), prominent U.S. policy makers launched a domestic propaganda campaign aimed at convincing the U.S. public to accept a harsh peace for the German people. [257], Magazines were urged to carry fiction suitable for wartime. [26], Comic strips, such as Little Orphan Annie and Terry and the Pirates, introduced war themes into their stories. While Roosevelt was describing the Allied War goals as democratic, Walter Francis White, the executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), said that colored people had to "fight for the right to fight". The earliest Hollywood production to satirize any of the Axis governments was You Nazty Spy!, a Three Stooges short released on January 19, 1940, satirizing Hitler (Moe Howard as "Moe Hailstone"), Goering (Curly Howard as "Field Marshal Gallstone") and Goebbels (Larry Fine as "Larry Pebble"), nearly two years before the attack on Pearl Harbor. Magazines such as Saturday Evening Post and Life printed articles supporting it, while women's magazines included directions for planting. A Thousand Words: Themes and Trends in Home Front Posters pages 62-84, Terrence H. Witkowski "World War II Poster Campaigns: Preaching Frugality to American Consumers." The Architecture, Design, and Engineering category covers about 40,000 drawings (described in more than 3,900 catalog records), spanning 1600 to 1989, with most dating between 1880 and 1940. [180] Defeatism was attacked,[181] national unity was promoted,[182] and themes of community and sacrifice were emphasized. Da quando eravamo bambini fino alla nostra adolescenza, la Musica è sempre stata accanto a noi, marcando le nostre esperienze e dandoci ricordi di feste, concerti, matrimoni, viaggi, corse, maratone o semplicemente tenendoci compagnia a casa. For instance, True Story toned down its Great Depression hostility to working women and featured war work favorably. [193], Women's magazines carried numerous tips for housewives on thrifty purchasing, dealing with rationing, and how to cope in a period of limited supplies. âWomenâs Work: Domestic Labor in American World War II Posters.â Art Documentation. [47]:529, In 1942â43 Orson Welles created two CBS Radio series that are regarded as significant contributions to the war effort. View 865 Items, Collections with Photos, Prints, Drawings. [261] Saturday Evening Post changed its depiction of working women even more: the pre-war, destructive career wife vanished entirely, and now employed women could also have happy families. [167], Joseph Goebbels countered this propaganda to prevent it from influencing Germany, downplaying the defense of Corrigidor and attacking Douglas MacArthur as a coward. The short Spies depicts an intoxicated Private Snafu giving secrets to a beautiful woman who is really a Nazi spy. [1], At first, the government was reluctant to engage in propaganda campaigns, but pressure from the media, the business sector and advertisers who wanted direction persuaded the government to take an active role. Design for Victory: World War II Posters on the American Home Front. Cartoons such as Bugs Bunny Bond Rally and Foney Fables pushed viewers to buy war bonds, while Scrap Happy Daffy encouraged the donation of scrap metal, and Disney's The Spirit of '43 implored viewers to pay their taxes. Enrolling in payroll deduction plans to buy war bonds was also urged through the media. Disney and the U.S. Army wanted to depict Germans as living in a land that was a facade of the wonderful promises made by Hitler. [113], Mussolini also appeared in situations ridiculing him. 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